tugas 19 November 2013- summary

Translation procedures

There are two translating  procedures by Nida:

1. Technical procedures:
1. analysis of the source and target languages;
2. a through study of the source language text before making attempts translate it;
3. Making judgments of the semantic and syntactic approximations. (pp. 241-45)
    
2. Organizational procedures:
   constant reevaluation of the attempt made; contrasting it with the existing available translations of the same text done by other translators, and checking the text's communicative effectiveness by asking the target language readers to evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness and studying their reactions (pp. 246-47).

Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as "translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task,"

Seguinot (1989):

(i)                 translating without interruption for as long as possible;

(ii)               correcting surface errors immediately;

(iii)             leaving the monitoring for qualitative or stylistic errors in the text to the revision stage.

Loescher (1991:8) "a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it."

Cohen (1998:4) asserts that "the element of consciousness is what distinguishes strategies from these processes that are not strategic."

Bell (1998:188) differentiates between global (those dealing with whole texts) and local (those dealing with text segments) strategies and confirms that this distinction results from various kinds of translation problems

Venuti (1998:240) "involve the basic tasks of choosing the foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate it."

Jaaskelainen (1999:71) "a series of competencies, a set of steps or processes that favor the acquisition, storage, and/or utilization of information."

Translation method

1.      Word-for-word translation

2.      Literal translation

3.      Faithful translation

4.      Semantic translation

5.      Adaptation

6.      Free translation

7.      Idiomatic translation

8.      Communicative translation

The differences between procedure and strategy

1.      Procedures of translating culture-specific concepts (CSCs)

Graedler (2000:3) puts forth some procedures of translating CSCs:

1. Making up a new word.
2. Explaining the meaning of the SL expression in lieu of translating it.
3. Preserving the SL term intact.
4. Opting for a word in the TL which seems similar to or has the same "relevance" as the SL term.

four major techniques for translating CBTs:

1.      Functional Equivalence

2.      Formal Equivalence or 'linguistic equivalence'

3.      Transcription or 'borrowing

4.      Descriptive or self-explanatory

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

• Transference
• Naturalization
• Cultural equivalent
• Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
• Descriptive equivalent
•  Componential analysis
• Synonymy
• Through-translation
• Shifts or transpositions
• Modulation
• Recognized translation
• Compensation
• Paraphrase
• Couplets 

2.      Strategies of translating allusions

Leppihalme (1997:79) proposes another set of strategies :

        i.            Retention of the name:

1. using the name as such.
2. using the name, adding some guidance.
3. using the name, adding a detailed explanation, for instance, a footnote.  
1. Replacement of the name by another:
1. replacing the name by another SL name.
2. replacing the name by a TL name
2. Omission of the name:
1. omitting the name, but transferring the sense by other means, for instance by a common noun.
2. omitting the name and the allusion together.

Moreover, nine strategies for the translation of key-phrase allusions are proposed by Leppihalme (1997: 82) as follows:

1. Use of a standard translation,
2. Minimum change, that is, a literal translation, without regard to connotative or contextual meaning,
3. Extra allusive guidance added in the text,
4. The use of footnotes, endnotes, translator's notes and other explicit explanations not supplied in the text but explicitly given as additional information,
5. Stimulated familiarity or internal marking, that is, the addition of intra-allusive allusion ,
6. Replacement by a TL item,
7. Reduction of the allusion to sense by rephrasing,
8. Re-creation, using a fusion of techniques: creative construction of a passage which hints at the connotations of the allusion or other special effects created by it,
9. Omission of the allusion.